Cromwell wasn’t a kind man it seems, especially to the Irish.
———BBC Article
Readmission of ***s to Britain in 1656
This article examines events leading up to the expulsion of the ***s from England in 1290 and their readmission in 1656.
Readmission of ***s to Britain
2006 marked the 350th anniversary of one of the most remarkable turning points in English history: the readmission of ***ish people to England in 1656, after they had been banned from the country some 366 years earlier. Their surprising ally in this was Oliver Cromwell. Background to the expulsion
***s have been living in England since Roman and Anglo-Saxon times, but they did not become an organised community until William the Conqueror arrived in 1066. He encouraged ***ish merchants and artisans to move from northern France to England.
Over the next few centuries ***s faced increasing persecution until, in 1290, they were banished altogether. Blood libel
In 1144, ***s in Norwich were accused of a ritual murder. A rumour sprung up that a Christian child had been kidnapped by ***s, tied to a cross and stabbed in the head to simulate Jesus' crown of thorns.
While the Norwich account did not contain the accusation that the child's blood was drained and was then ritually drunk at Passover, and so does not constitute the full blood libel, it is a story of the same type and is generally seen as the entry point into England of such accusations.
The rumour was false - for one thing, the Torah forbids the eating and drinking of any form of blood - but it became the first recorded case in Europe of 'blood libel'. The accusation was enough to get ***ish leaders in the town executed.
The other main charge that early 11th-century Christians levelled at ***s was that of host desecration. The host is the wafer used during Christian communion; England was Catholic at this time and to Catholics the host is literally Jesus's flesh, so mistreating it was an incredibly serious thing to do.
***s were variously accused of stabbing the host wafer with pins, stepping on it, stabbing it with a knife until Jesus' blood flowed out and nailing it in a symbolic re-enactment of the crucifixion.
***s were also accused by their Christian neighbours of poisoning wells and spreading the plague. Each fresh claim gave rise to new massacres.
Accusations of blood sacrifice continued in the 12th and 13th centuries:
In 1247, Pope Innocent IV ordered a study into the charges brought against the ***s. The investigation found no evidence to justify their persecution.
The ***ish community was vindicated by four more Popes but accusations, trials and executions continued to rise. Banishment
The ***s were banished from England by Edward I. His motivation was partly financial: once they were banished, their possessions became property of the crown.
England was short of money and illegal coin-clipping was on the rise. The ***s became Edward's scapegoat. He banned them from usury (money-lending at interest) in 1275. 1278 brought widespread arrests of ***ish men; many were hanged and 600 imprisoned in the Tower of London.
In 1290 Edward banished the ***s outright. He issued writs to the sheriffs of all English counties ordering them to enforce his Edict of Expulsion, a decree which required all ***s to be expelled from the country by All Saints' Day (1st November) that year.
They were only allowed to carry with them their portable property. Apart from a few exceptions, houses and properties were passed to the king.
This made England the first European country to expel ***s, and they remained banned for 366 years. Some ***s stayed in England by hiding their identity and religion but the majority settled in France and Germany.
It wasn't until the 17th century that ***s were allowed back to Britain. Readmission
It was Oliver Cromwell who orchestrated the ***s' return after he came to power. He was influenced in this by Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel of Amsterdam, the ***ish ambassador to the Gentiles. On 31 October 1655, Cromwell submitted a seven-point petition to the Council of State calling for ***s to return to Britain.
Cromwell met with resistance at the Whitehall Conference in December that year but resolved to authorise an unofficial readmission.
At that time, the Spanish and Portuguese ***ish community had been expelled from Spain. Many exiled ***s headed to Amsterdam, helping to turn it into one of the world's busiest ports. Cromwell saw that the return of the ***s would bring great financial benefits to England.
In 1656 Cromwell made a verbal promise, backed by the Council of State, to allow ***s to return to Britain and practise their faith freely.
As a result, ***s from Holland, Spain and Portugal came to Britain. They became more and more integrated into British society.
For a time, England was one of the most religiously tolerant countries in Europe. But it wasn't until 1858 that English ***s received formal emancipation. After resettlement
***ish resettlement in Britain marked the beginning of a new era in ***ish/Christian relations, putting an end to centuries of estrangement.
It also paved the way for the setting up of the Council of Christians and ***s during the Second World War in 1942, bringing new hope to ***s suffering terrible persecution at the hands of **** Germany.
During 2006, 350 years after their return to the UK, ***ish communities throughout the country celebrated "Three and a Half Centuries of British ***ish Life".
———BBC Article
Readmission of ***s to Britain in 1656
This article examines events leading up to the expulsion of the ***s from England in 1290 and their readmission in 1656.
Readmission of ***s to Britain
2006 marked the 350th anniversary of one of the most remarkable turning points in English history: the readmission of ***ish people to England in 1656, after they had been banned from the country some 366 years earlier. Their surprising ally in this was Oliver Cromwell. Background to the expulsion
***s have been living in England since Roman and Anglo-Saxon times, but they did not become an organised community until William the Conqueror arrived in 1066. He encouraged ***ish merchants and artisans to move from northern France to England.
Over the next few centuries ***s faced increasing persecution until, in 1290, they were banished altogether. Blood libel
In 1144, ***s in Norwich were accused of a ritual murder. A rumour sprung up that a Christian child had been kidnapped by ***s, tied to a cross and stabbed in the head to simulate Jesus' crown of thorns.
While the Norwich account did not contain the accusation that the child's blood was drained and was then ritually drunk at Passover, and so does not constitute the full blood libel, it is a story of the same type and is generally seen as the entry point into England of such accusations.
The rumour was false - for one thing, the Torah forbids the eating and drinking of any form of blood - but it became the first recorded case in Europe of 'blood libel'. The accusation was enough to get ***ish leaders in the town executed.
The other main charge that early 11th-century Christians levelled at ***s was that of host desecration. The host is the wafer used during Christian communion; England was Catholic at this time and to Catholics the host is literally Jesus's flesh, so mistreating it was an incredibly serious thing to do.
***s were variously accused of stabbing the host wafer with pins, stepping on it, stabbing it with a knife until Jesus' blood flowed out and nailing it in a symbolic re-enactment of the crucifixion.
***s were also accused by their Christian neighbours of poisoning wells and spreading the plague. Each fresh claim gave rise to new massacres.
Accusations of blood sacrifice continued in the 12th and 13th centuries:
- 1181 - accusations were made in Bury, St Edmunds, Suffolk
- 1183 - accusations were made in Bristol
- 1192 - accusations were made in Winchester
- 1244 - London ***s were accused of ritual murder
In 1247, Pope Innocent IV ordered a study into the charges brought against the ***s. The investigation found no evidence to justify their persecution.
The ***ish community was vindicated by four more Popes but accusations, trials and executions continued to rise. Banishment
The ***s were banished from England by Edward I. His motivation was partly financial: once they were banished, their possessions became property of the crown.
England was short of money and illegal coin-clipping was on the rise. The ***s became Edward's scapegoat. He banned them from usury (money-lending at interest) in 1275. 1278 brought widespread arrests of ***ish men; many were hanged and 600 imprisoned in the Tower of London.
In 1290 Edward banished the ***s outright. He issued writs to the sheriffs of all English counties ordering them to enforce his Edict of Expulsion, a decree which required all ***s to be expelled from the country by All Saints' Day (1st November) that year.
They were only allowed to carry with them their portable property. Apart from a few exceptions, houses and properties were passed to the king.
This made England the first European country to expel ***s, and they remained banned for 366 years. Some ***s stayed in England by hiding their identity and religion but the majority settled in France and Germany.
It wasn't until the 17th century that ***s were allowed back to Britain. Readmission
It was Oliver Cromwell who orchestrated the ***s' return after he came to power. He was influenced in this by Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel of Amsterdam, the ***ish ambassador to the Gentiles. On 31 October 1655, Cromwell submitted a seven-point petition to the Council of State calling for ***s to return to Britain.
Cromwell met with resistance at the Whitehall Conference in December that year but resolved to authorise an unofficial readmission.
At that time, the Spanish and Portuguese ***ish community had been expelled from Spain. Many exiled ***s headed to Amsterdam, helping to turn it into one of the world's busiest ports. Cromwell saw that the return of the ***s would bring great financial benefits to England.
In 1656 Cromwell made a verbal promise, backed by the Council of State, to allow ***s to return to Britain and practise their faith freely.
As a result, ***s from Holland, Spain and Portugal came to Britain. They became more and more integrated into British society.
For a time, England was one of the most religiously tolerant countries in Europe. But it wasn't until 1858 that English ***s received formal emancipation. After resettlement
***ish resettlement in Britain marked the beginning of a new era in ***ish/Christian relations, putting an end to centuries of estrangement.
It also paved the way for the setting up of the Council of Christians and ***s during the Second World War in 1942, bringing new hope to ***s suffering terrible persecution at the hands of **** Germany.
During 2006, 350 years after their return to the UK, ***ish communities throughout the country celebrated "Three and a Half Centuries of British ***ish Life".
Ivich
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